| Preface |
| Introduction |
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How much poverty is there? |
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Why does poverty exist? |
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What can be done to eliminate poverty? |
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Road map |
PART 1: HISTORY OF THOUGHT
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CHAPTER 1: ORIGINS OF THE IDEA OF A WORLD FREE OF POVERTY
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| 1.1 |
Progress against absolute poverty over the last 200 years |
| 1.2 |
Pre-modern ideas about poverty |
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Ancient origins |
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Mercantilism |
| 1.3 |
Early antipoverty policies |
| 1.4 |
The First Poverty Enlightenment |
| 1.5 |
The transition in thinking in the 19th and early 20th centuries |
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The Industrial Revolution and poverty |
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Debates on the Poor Laws |
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Utilitarianism |
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A lost opportunity in America |
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The limitations of charity |
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Schooling debates |
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Socialism and the labor movement |
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Social research on poverty |
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New thinking in the early 20th century |
CHAPTER 2: NEW THINKING ON POVERTY AFTER 1950
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| 2.1 |
The Second Poverty Enlightenment |
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New economic thinking relevant to poverty |
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Rawls’s principles of justice |
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The rediscovery of poverty in America |
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America declares war on poverty |
| 2.2 |
Debates and backlashes |
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Poverty and inequality measures for America |
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Culture of poverty? |
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Relative and subjective poverty |
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The basic-income movement |
| 2.3 |
Poverty in the developing world |
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Planning for rapid industrialization |
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The planners’ critics |
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The aid industry and development economics are born |
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Bringing inequality in from the cold |
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Re-balancing development thinking |
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Debates on the poverty focus |
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Better data |
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Globalization and poverty |
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New millennium, new hope, new challenges |
PART 2: MEASURES AND METHODS
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CHAPTER 3: MEASURING WELFARE
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| 3.1 |
Concepts of welfare |
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Welfarism |
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Extensions and alternatives to welfarism |
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Capabilities |
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Social effects on welfare |
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Opportunities |
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A less ambitious goal |
| 3.2 |
Using household surveys for welfare measurement |
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Survey design |
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Goods coverage and valuation |
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Variability and the time period of measurement |
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Measurement errors in surveys |
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Interpersonal comparisons of welfare |
| 3.3 |
Alternative measures in theory and practice |
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Real consumption per equivalent single adult |
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Predicted welfare based on circumstances |
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Food share |
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Nutritional indicators |
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Qualitative and mixed methods |
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Self-assessed welfare |
| 3.4 |
Three principles |
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Principle 1: Strive to be absolutist in the space of welfare |
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Principle 2: Avoid paternalism |
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Principle 3: Recognize data limitations |
CHAPTER 4: POVERTY LINES
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| 4.1 |
Debates about poverty lines |
| 4.2 |
Objective Poverty lines |
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Basic needs poverty lines |
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Updating poverty lines over time |
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Revealed preference tests of basic needs lines |
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The food-energy intake method |
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Relative poverty lines |
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Consistency versus specificity |
| 4.3 |
Subjective poverty lines |
CHAPTER 5: POVERTY AND INEQUALITY MEASURES
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| 5.1 |
Normative foundations |
| 5.2 |
Measuring inequality |
| 5.3 |
Measuring poverty |
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Poverty measures |
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The consumption floor |
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Estimation issues |
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Hypothesis testing |
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Summary |
| 5.4 |
Decompositions of poverty measures |
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Poverty profiles |
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Changes in parameters versus changes in quantities |
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Growth and redistribution components |
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The sectoral decomposition of a change in poverty |
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Transient versus chronic poverty |
| 5.5 |
The robustness of poverty comparisons |
| 5.6 |
Pro-poor growth and growth incidence |
| 5.7 |
Measuring the “middle class” |
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Absolute and relative approaches |
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Vulnerability and the middle class |
| 5.8 |
Poverty and inequality of opportunity |
| 5.9 |
Targeting and incidence measures |
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Targeting measures |
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Behavioral effects |
| 5.10 |
Mashup indices |
CHAPTER 6: IMPACT EVALUATION
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| 6.1 |
Knowledge gaps |
| 6.2 |
Threats to the internal validity of an evaluation |
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Endogenous interventions |
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Spillover effects |
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Misspecification of impact dynamics |
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Behavioral responses to evaluation |
| 6.3 |
Evaluation methods in practice |
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Social experiments |
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Non-experimental methods |
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Difference-in-difference (DD) estimators |
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Fixed-effects regressions |
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Instrumental variables estimators |
| 6.4 |
The external validity of an evaluation |
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Heterogeneity in impacts |
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Portfolio effects |
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General equilibrium effects |
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Structural models |
| 6.5 |
The ethical validity of an evaluation |
PART 3: POVERTY AND POLICY
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CHAPTER 7: DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN THE WORLD
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| 7.1 |
Global inequality |
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Large income disparities in the world |
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Inequality in the developing world |
| 7.2 |
Poverty measures for the developing world |
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Data and measurement |
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Absolute poverty measures |
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Estimates of the consumption floor |
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Poorest left behind? |
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Differing fortunes across regions |
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The developing world’s bulging middle class |
| 7.3 |
Poverty measures for urban and rural areas |
| 7.4 |
Global measures of poverty |
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Dissatisfaction with standard poverty measures |
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A globally-relevant poverty measure |
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Interpreting global relative poverty measures: two bounds |
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Truly global poverty measures |
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Differences in weakly relative poverty among developing countries |
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Concluding comments on relative poverty |
| 7.5 |
Poverty and the non-income dimensions of welfare |
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The economic gradient in schooling and learning |
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The economic gradient in health and nutrition |
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Obesity |
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Socio-economic differences in mortality |
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Socio-economic differences in fertility |
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Family size and composition |
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Female-headship and poverty |
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Missing women |
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The feminization of poverty |
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Violence and poverty |
CHAPTER 8: GROWTH, INEQUALITY AND POVERTY
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| 8.1 |
Theories of economic growth and distributional change |
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Some basic concepts |
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Past debates on whether poor people benefit from economic growth |
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Development in a segmented economy |
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The Harris-Todaro model |
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Labor-market frictions |
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Modern growth economics |
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Institutions and growth |
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Factor distribution and growth |
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Insights on how inequality constrains growth |
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Poverty traps |
| 8.2 |
Evidence on growth and distributional changes |
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The Industrial Revolution did (eventually) benefit wage workers |
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Evidence on distribution post-Kuznets |
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Growth and non-income dimensions of welfare |
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Growth and types of inequality |
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Urbanization and poverty |
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Progress against absolute poverty |
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Inequality as an impediment to pro-poor growth |
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Economic crises and poverty |
| 8.3 |
Evidence on distributional impediments to growth |
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Macro evidence that inequality impedes growth |
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Evidence from micro studies |
| 8.4 |
Pro-poor growth? Case studies for China, Brazil and India |
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China |
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Brazil |
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India |
CHAPTER 9: ECONOMY-WIDE AND SECTORAL POLICIES
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| 9.1 |
Urban versus rural |
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Urban-rural prioritization for development |
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Growth, poverty and urbanization |
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Conclusion on the role of agriculture and rural development |
| 9.2 |
Land policies |
| 9.3 |
Health care policies |
| 9.4 |
Water, sanitation and hygiene |
| 9.5 |
Schooling policies |
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Why do children from poor families get less schooling? |
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Mass schooling as a policy response |
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Banning child labor |
| 9.6 |
Public information campaigns |
| 9.7 |
Price interventions |
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Minimum wages |
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Rent controls |
| 9.8 |
Trade policies |
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Whose gains from trade? |
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The globalization debate |
| 9.9 |
Development aid |
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External development assistance |
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Aid and poverty reduction |
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Aid and growth |
| 9.10 |
Policies and institutions |
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Policy advice and economics |
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Conditions for effective aid |
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Capital flight and odious debt |
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Poverty and poor institutions |
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Understanding persistently poor institutions |
CHAPTER 10: TARGETED INTERVENTIONS
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| 10.1 |
An overview of coverage |
| 10.2 |
Incentives, targeting and leakage |
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Information and incentives |
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The BIG idea |
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Targeting |
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Leakage |
| 10.3 |
Targeted transfers |
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State-contingent transfers financed by taxation |
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Unconditional subsidies and transfers |
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Targeted incentives for investing in human capital |
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Early childhood development |
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A caveat on service quality |
| 10.4 |
Other targeted policies |
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Workfare |
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Training and wage-subsidy schemes |
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Land-based targeting and land reforms |
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Microfinance for poor people |
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Poor area development programs |
CONCLUSIONS: PAST PROGRESS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES
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Progress against poverty |
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Explaining the transition in thinking |
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Knowledge challenges |
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Two paths going forward |
| References |
ECONOMICS & POVERTY 
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